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CHEMICAL SYMBOLS AND FORMULAE SYMBOLSOFELEMENT An element is a substance which consists of only one kind of matter Over 100 elements are known, these elements are usually represented by symbols instead of writing their names in full. The abbreviation for each element is called Symbol for that element. The brief name of that element it represents also one atom of the element it stands for. (Element1–20) There are 4 groups of symbols: Symbols formed from the first letter of element Element Symbols Hydrogen H Carbon C Nitrogen N Oxygen O Sulphur S Phosphorus P Iodine I Fluorine F (b) Symbols formed from the first two letter of the element. Elements Symbols Helium He Lithium Li Beryllium Be Neon Ne Aluminum Al Calcium Ca Barium Ba Bromine Br (c) Symbols formed from the first and any letter in the name of the elements Elements Symbols Magnesium Mg Chlorine Cl Manganese Mn Zinc Zn Cadmium Cd Platinum Pt (d) Symbols derived from latin name of the elements Element Latin Name Symbols Sodium Natrium Na Iron Ferrum Fe Copper Cuprum Cu Gold Aurum Au Potassium Kalium K Silver Argentun Ag Lead Plumbum Pb Mercury Hydragyrum Hg ELECTRONICCON FIGURATION Electronic Configuration is the representation of how electrons are arranged on the shells of an element. The pattern of how electrons are arranged is of the fashion: K 1stshell–2electrons L 2ndshell–maximumof8electrons M 3rdshell–maximumof8electrons N 4thshell–maximumof8electrons This pattern works for at least the first 20elements. The electronic configuration helps us to correctly place elements into their groups and period within periodic table. This information also helps in the determination of combining powers of elements. GROUP AND VALENCY The group refers to the vertical arrangement in columns of elements in the periodic table. Valency is the combining power of an element. It must be correctly determined and the correct chemical formulae of compound were to be determined. Group Valency I +1 II +2 III +3 IV –4 V –3 VI –2 VII -1 O 0 FORMULAE OF BINARY COMPOUND Formulae of binary compound A compound is a substance made of 2 or more elements chemically combined together. Compound of 2 elements only are known as binary compounds and have the following characteristics. Name send with–IDE. E.g. Carbon dioxide, Magnesium chloride, Aluminum Oxide, Aluminum Chloride. C6______2,4 Al13______2,8,3 Mg12______2, 8, 2O8______2, 6 Cl17 _______2, 8, 7 Mg Cl A1 0 +2 1 +3 2 MgC12 Al203 Al C +3 -4 Al4C3 NON-BINARYCOMPOUNDS These are compounds of 2 or more elements whose name send with ATE examples are: Magnesium trioxocarbonate (IV) Beryllium trioxonitrate (V) Calcium tetraoxosulphate (VI) Potassium heptaxodichromate VI Sodium hexachloroplatimate II Non-binary compounds have these characteristics: DETERMINATIONOFVELENCIESOFRADICALS Radicalsaregroupofatomsbearinga charge.Theyarethepolyatomicionsi.e.ionswhichcontainmorethanonetypeofatom.Exampleinclude; Trioxonitrate (V) ion N03- Trioxocarbonate(IV) ion C032- Tetraoxosulphate(VI) ion S042– Hydroxideion OH- Cyanideion CH- Tetraoxophosphate (V) ion PO43- Hydrogentrioxocarbonate(IV)ion HC03- The charge one achpoly atomic ionis determined thus: S+4(O) But O-2andS6 S+4(-2) 6–8-2 SO42- CO32- C+3(O) But C4,O-2 4+3(-2) 4–6-2 C032- FORMULAE OF NON-BINARY COMPUNDS Sodium hexachloroplatinate II Na11________2, 8, 1 Valency of sodium 1 Hexachlroroplatinate II PtCl6 Pt+6Cl 2+6(-1) 2–6 -4 ValencyofPtCl6-4 Na PtCl6 1 4 Na4PtCl6 IUPAC NOMECLATURE International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry have agreed to a common way of naming chemical compounds according to a set of rules, these naming system is termed IUPAC nomenclature. The rules involved in IUPAC nomenclature are as follow: Take oxygen as–2. Hydrogen as +1 with non-metals. Hydrogen as–1 with metals. These numbers are the oxidation number. C032- C+3(-2)-2 C–6-2 C-2+6+4 Name trioxocarbonate (IV) ioni.e.3atoms of oxygen and carbon oxidation number is 4.