Biology

Biology

TRANSPORT IN ANIMALS

The Circulatory System Large and complex animals have circulatory systems that consist of tubes, a transport fluid and a means of pumping the fluid. Blood is the transport fluid which contains dissolved substances and cells. The tubes are blood vessels through which dissolved substances are circulated around the body. The heart is the pumping organ

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Biology

FACTORS AFFECTING TRANSPIRATION – FULL DETAILS

The factors that affect transpiration are grouped into two. Environmental and Structural Factors Cuticle Environmental factors Temperature High temperature increases the internal temperature of the leaf. This in turn increases kinetic energy of water molecules which increases evaporation. High temperatures dry the air around the leaf surface maintaining a high concentration gradient. More water vapour

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BIOLOGY SSS 3 SCHEME OF WORK

BIOLOGY (BIO) SSS 3- FIRST TERM 1. Regulation of Internal Environment 2. Nervous Co-ordination 3. Sense Organs 4. Ecology of Population 5. Balance in Nature 6. Reproductive System and Reproduction in Humans   BIOLOGY (BIO) SSS 3- SECOND TERM 1. Development of New Seeds 2. Fruits 3. Reproductive Behaviours 4. Biology of Heredity (Genetics) 5.

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BIOLOGY SSS 2 SCHEME OF WORK

BIOLOGY (BIO) SSS 2- FIRST TERM Organization of Life – Classification of Plants The Organism at Work – Digestive System – Transport System – Respiratory System – Excretory System   BIOLOGY (BIO) SSS 2- SECOND TERM The Organism and Its Environment – Nutrient Cycling in Nature – Ecological Management: Association, Tolerance, Adaptation, Pollution – Conservation

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SCHEME OF WORK FOR BIOLOGY SS 1

BIOLOGY SS 1- FIRST TERM Organization of Life 1. Recognizing living things 2. Classification of Living Things – Kingdoms: Monere, Protista and Fungi, Plantae and Animalia 3. The cell 4. The Cell and its Environment 5. Some Properties and ‘Functions of the Cell 6. Tissues and Supporting Systems 7. Nutrition in Animals   BIOLOGY SS

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Biology

IMPORTANCE OF VITAMINS, MINERAL SALTS, ROUGHAGE AND WATER IN HUMAN NUTRITION VITAMINS

These are organic compounds that are essential for proper growth, development and functioning of the body.  Vitamins are required in very small quantities They are not stored and must be included in the diet Vitamins Band C are soluble in water, the rest are soluble in fat Various vitamins are used in different ways  

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Biology

DENTAL DISEASES

COMMON DENTAL DISEASES – Carries, Causes, Treatment & Periodontal Diseases Dental Carries Dental carries are the holes or cavities that are formed as acid corrodes enamel and eventually the dentine Causes This is caused by bacteria acting on the food left between teeth and on the cusp Acids are formed that eventually corrode the enamel

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Biology

TYPES OF MAMMALIAN TEETH

TYPES OF MAMMALIAN TEETH Mammals have four kinds of teeth The incisors are found at the front of the jaw They are sharp-edged and are used for biting The canines are located at the sides of the jaw They are pointed and are used for tearing and piercing The premolars are next to the canines

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Biology

ENZYMES – FULL EXPLANATION

ENZYMES – FULL EXPLANATION Enzymes are biological catalysts that increase the rate of chemical reaction in the body. They are all produced inside cells. Some are intracellular and they catalyse reactions within the cells. Others are extracellular and are secreted out of the cells where they work e.g. digestive enzymes   Properties of Enzymes Enzymes

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Biology

POLYSACCHARIDES

POLYSACCHARIDES If many monosaccharides are joined together through condensation, a polysaccharide is formed Polysaccharides may consist of hundreds or even thousands of monosaccharide units Examples of polysaccharides: Starch – storage material in plants Glycogen is a storage carbohydrate in animals like starch, but has longer chains Isulin – a storage carbohydrate in some plants e.g.

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Biology

DISACCHARIDES – WELL EXPLAINED

DISACCHARIDES – WELL EXPLAINED These contain two monosaccharide units. The chemical process through which a large molecule (e.g a disaccharide) is formed from smaller molecules is called condensation and it involves loss of water Common examples of disaccharides include sucrose, maltose and lactose   Disaccharides are broken into their monosaccharide units by heating with dilute

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Biology

MONOSACCHARIDES

MONOSACCHARIDES These are simple sugars The carbon atoms in these sugars form a chain to which hydrogen and oxygen atoms are attached Monosaccharides are classified according to the number of carbon atoms they possess The most common monosaccharides are: Glucose – found free in fruits and vegetables Fructose – found free in fruits and in

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Biology

ACTIVE TRANSPORT

Active transport is the movement of solutes such as glucose, amino acids and mineral ions; From an area of their low concentration to an area of high concentration. It is movement against a concentration gradient and therefore energy is required. As such it only takes place in living organisms The energy needed comes from respiration.

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Biology

THE CELL – Cell membrane, Cell wall, Plasma Membrane, Endoplasmic Reticulum,

THE CELL – Cell membrane, Cell wall, Plasma Membrane, Endoplasmic Reticulum & Ribosomes, Goigi Bodies, Mitochondria Introduction What is a cell? The cell is the basic unit of an organism. All living organisms are made up of cells. Some organisms are made up of one cell and others are said to be multicellular. Other organisms

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