SS 2 Chemistry (1st, 2nd & 3rd term)

Chemistry

ALKANOLS

Alkanols is a homologous series with general molecular formula of CnH2n+1OH or ROH. The functional group in alkanols is the hydroxyl (-OH) group.   NOMENCLATURE The names of alkanols are obtained by substituting “e” in alkanes with “ol”. Example: Methanol – CH3OH, Ethanol – CH3CH2OH   CLASSIFICATION The alkanols are classified based on the number […]

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Chemistry

ALKYNES II

Alkynes are the homologous series of unsaturated hydrocarbon with a general molecular formula CnH2n-2.

Alkynes show a high degree of unsaturation than alkenes, hence, they are chemically more reactive than the corresponding alkenes or alkanes.

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Chemistry

ALKENES I

UNSATURATED HYDROCARBONS These are hydrocarbons in which carbon atoms join with each other by multiple bonds.  The multiple bonds can be double bonds e.gAlkenes or triple bonds e.gAlkynes.   NOMENCLATURE The process of naming in alkenes is obtained by substituting “ane” in alkane with ‘ene’ e.g Ethane changes to Ethene, propane to propene   LABORATORY

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Chemistry

ALKANES

The alkanes are aliphatic hydrocarbons. Their general molecular formula is CnH2n+2. Hence For n=1 CH4               Methane n=2 C2H6 Ethane n=3 C3H8 Propane n=4 C4H10 Butane n=5 C5H12 Pentane and so on. There is no functional group in the alkane series.   THE IUPAC NOMENCLATURE FOR ALIPHATIC COMPOUNDS In IUPAC nomenclature, every name of organic compound

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Chemistry

INTRODUCTION TO ORGANIC CHEMISTRY

Organic chemistry is the chemistry of carbon compounds with the exception of compounds such as carbon (II) oxide, carbon (IV) oxide the trioxocarbonate (IV).Carbon has unique ability to form numerous organic compounds because it has ability to catenate. Catenation is the ability of atoms of an element to form bonds between its own atoms and

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Chemistry

ACID/BASE REACTIONS

TITRATION There are two types of quantitative analysis namely: volumetric and gravimetric analysis.  Volumetric analysis is based on volume measurement while gravimetric analysis involves direct mass measurement.   Volumetric analysis is carried art using Titration.  In titration, a standard solution (one of known concentration must be using be used to react with a solution of

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Chemistry

SOLUBILITY AND SOLUTIONS

A solution is a uniform or homogenous mixture of two or more substances. Solution = Solvent + Solute A solute is a dissolved substance which may be a solid, liquid or gas. A solvent is a substance (usually liquid) which dissolves a solute. TYPES OF SOLUTIONS Aqueous Solution: This is formed when a solute is

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Chemistry

WATER

Water is regarded as the universal solvent.  It is a good solvent for many substances.   SOURCES OF WATER The following are the sources of water: Natural water:Rainwater, Well water, Spring water and Sea water Treated water: Distilled water, Pipe – borne water and chlorinated water.   TYPES OF WATER Water is of two types

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Chemistry

COMPOUNDS OF SULPHUR

HYDROGEN SULPHIDE, H2S Hydrogen Sulphide is found in volcanic gases, Sulphur springs, coal gas and natural gas. LABORATORY PREPARATION Hydrogen Sulphide is prepared in the laboratory by the action of dilute acids on metallic sulphide like Iron (II) Sulphide 2HCl(aq)    +    FeS(s) → FeCl2(aq) + H2S(g) The apparatus used for regular supply of hydrogen Sulphide

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Chemistry

COMPOUNDS OF NITROGEN

OXIDES OF NITROGEN NITROGEN (I) OXIDE, N2O Nitrogen (I) oxide is known as laughing gas as it causes uncontrollable laughter when inhaled. LABORATORY PREPARATION The gas is prepared in the laboratory by thermal decomposition of ammonium trioxonitrate (V). Ammonium trioxonitrate (V) is not heated directly since the reaction is exothermic and may become uncontrollable leading

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Chemistry

CHLORINE AND OTHER HALOGENS

Halogens (salt formers) are found in group VII of the periodic table. They are the most reactive nonmetals. They have seven valence electrons, they exist as diatomic molecules, and they are coloured and ionizes to form univalent negative ions. They form electrovalent compounds with metals. In the group are chlorine, fluorine, bromine, iodine and astatine.

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Chemistry

OXYGEN AND ITS COMPOUNDS

Oxygen is the most abundant element on earth. It constitutes 21% by volume of atmospheric air.  Occurrence: It occurs as free elements in nature and in combined states. GENERAL PROPERTIES OF OXYGEN FAMILY Elements in group VI include: Oxygen (O), Sulphur (S), Selenium (Se), Tellurium (Te), and Polonium (Po).their properties are as follows: They are

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Chemistry

ELECTROCHEMISTRY

It is a well known fact that energy menifests itself in different forms which are interconvertible into one another. Among different forms of energy, the electrical energy plays a very significant role in our daily life. Many chemical transformations and industrial processes are based on electrical energy and its relationship with chemical energy. There are

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Chemistry

ELECTROLYTIC CELLS AND ELECTROLYSIS OF SPECIFIED ELECTROLYTES

The passage of electricity through the electrolytes in their molten or dissolved state can cause chemical changes under suitable conditions. For example, the passage of electricity through the acidified water results in the formation of hydrogen and oxygen gases. The process of chemical decomposition of the electrolyte by he passage of electricity through its molten

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