Geography

Geography

MIST AND FOG

MIST AND FOG  Mist and fog are a mass of tiny water droplets suspended in the lower layers of the atmosphere. Fog is denser than mist i.e. has more moisture. Both hinder visibility although fog reduces visibility to less than a kilometre. When fog mixes with smoke its called smog. How They Form Moist air […]

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Geography

ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE

ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE  Factors Influencing Atmospheric Pressure Altitude Pressure decreases with increase in altitude because the column of air becomes shorter hence it exerts less weight. Temperature When air is heated it expands and exerts pressure over a large area resulting in reduced pressure. When it’s cooled it contracts and exerts pressure over a small area

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Geography

TYPES OF RAINFALL

Relief/Orographic/Mountain rainfall Rain experienced on the windward slopes of mountains or hills formed when moist air is forced to rise over a mountain or a hill. How it Forms Moist air is forced to rise over a hill or mountain. The temperature and air pressure decreases making it to expand. Air cools due to decreased

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Geography

SIGNIFICANCE OF HUMIDITY OR MOISTURE

Affects rain formation in such as way that places with high humidity are likely to experience higher rainfall than those with low humidity. Regulates the heat loss from the earth’s surface by absorbing terrestrial radiation (process in which the earth gives off heat into the atmosphere). It affects sensible temperature in that the higher the

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Geography

WEATHER FORECASTING

Prediction of the conditions of the atmosphere for a given place for a certain period. Methods of Weather Forecasting Traditional Methods – Prediction of weather based on traditional beliefs and facts. Plants shedding leaves indicates period of drought. Safari ants indicate it will rain. Migration of butterflies also indicates it will rain. Croaking of frogs

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Geography

ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE

The force exerted by gases in the atmosphere on some area or body on the earths surface. Measured using barometers of three types namely mercury, aneroid and Fortin Barometers How It Works Air exerts pressure on the mercury in the beaker. The height of mercury in the tube is proportional to the atmospheric pressure. The

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Geography

WIND

Direction Wind direction is determined using wind vane. How It Works As the wind blows the arrow swings. The arrow points in the opposite direction of the wind flow. The direction is read from the cardinal compass points. The arrow will point in the direction from which the wind is blowing. For instance if it

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Geography

HUMIDITY

Humidity is the condition of atmosphere with reference to its water content. It’s measured with hygrometer or psychrometer which consists of wet and dry bulb thermometers kept in Stevenson screen. Dry bulb thermometer is a thermometer covered with muslin bag immersed in water while dry bulb thermometer has no muslin. How It Works When air

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Geography

SUNSHINE

Duration of sunshine is measured using Campbell stokes sunshine recorder. How It Works Spherical lens focuses light on sensitized paper. The paper burns when the sun is shining. The total hours of sunshine is got by adding all the burnt sections from calibrations on the side of sensitized paper. The sensitized paper is changed every

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Geography

RAINFALL

Rain gauge is the instrument used to measure the amount of rainfall in a day. It should be made of impermeable material which can’t absorb water. How It’s Used/Works It’s taken to an open space to prevent water from dropping into the funnel. Its sunk into the ground to prevent evaporation The funnel top is

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Geography

RAINFALL

RAINFALL   Rain gauge is the instrument used to measure the amount of rainfall in a day.It should be made of impermeable material which can’t absorb water. How It’s Used/Works It’s taken to an open space to prevent water from dropping into the funnel. Its sunk into the ground to prevent evaporation The funnel top is

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TEMPERATURE

Degree of hotness of an object or a place. It’s measured using 3 types of thermometers namely: Maximum thermometer Minimum thermometer Six’s thermometer   Maximum Thermometer It’s used to measure the highest temperature reached in a day. It uses mercury. How It’s Used/Works Temperature rises causing mercury to expand. Mercury pushes the index up. When

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Geography

THE STEVENSON SCREEN

A white wooden box mounted on 4 legs used to house thermometers and hygrometers. The instruments which are found in it are: Maximum thermometer Minimum thermometer Six’s thermometer hygrometer-wet bulb and dry bulb thermometer Importance Provide shade conditions for accurate temperature recording. Ensure safety of thermometers because they are delicate.   Qualifications Which Make Stevenson

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Geography

THE WEATHER

Daily atmospheric conditions of a place at a particular time. Elements of Weather Temperature Humidity precipitation Precipitation Atmospheric pressure Wind Sunshine Cloud cover   A Weather Station -A place where observation, measuring and recording of weather elements is done Factors to Be Taken Into Account When Sitting a Weather Station An open place where there

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Geography

EXTERNAL STRUCTURE OF THE EARTH

a) The Atmosphere Layer of gases surrounding the earth. The earth revolves with it because it’s held onto it by gravity It’s about 330km thick.   Composition of the Atmosphere a) Gases-exist as a mixture b) Smoke particles c) Dust particles d) Water vapour   The structure of the Atmosphere It’s divided into 4 layers/zones

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Geography

REVOLUTION OF THE EARTH

Movement of the earth in its orbit around the sun. It’s in anticlockwise direction. The orbit of the earth’s revolution is elliptical. Takes 365 ¼ days in a year or 366 days in a leap year (every 4 years). The sun moves from the tropic of cancer to the equator and then towards tropic of

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Geography

THE ORIGIN OF THE EARTH

A star with a greater gravitational pull passed near the sun. It attracted large quantities of gaseous materials from the sun. The materials split, cooled and condensed. Heavier materials collected at the centre to form the core. Less dense materials collected around the core to form the mantle. The lightest materials formed the crust  

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Geography

CALCULATION OF LOCAL TIME

The time recorded in places within the same longitude. A longitude is an imaginary line running from N to S which shows how far E or W a place is from the prime meridian. Greenwich Meridian (0◦) longitude is the point of reference when calculating time. Time is gained towards the E and lost towards

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