Chemistry

Chemistry

PARTICULATE NATURE OF MATTER

ATOMS AND MOLECULES Matter is made up of discrete particles. The main ones are atoms, molecules, and ions. An atom is the smallest part of an element which can take part in a chemical reaction. A molecule is the smallest particle of a substance that can exist alone and still retains the chemical properties of […]

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Chemistry

STANDARD SEPARATION TECHNIQUES

STANDARD SEPARATION TECHNIQUES The importance of separating a mixture into its constituents cannot be over emphasized since most substances are needed in their pure form. There are many standard separation techniques. Some of these separating techniques are filtration, centrifugation and decantation. Others include sieving, magnetic separation and sublimation, evaporation, crystallization, fractional precipitation, distillation, fractional distillation,

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Chemistry

COMPOUNDS AND MIXTURES

COMPOUND A Compound is a substance which contains two or more elements chemically combined together. A compound is formed as a result of chemical change. Examples of compounds are Compound                               Constituent Elements Water                                       Hydrogen, oxygen Sand                                        silicon, oxygen Limestone                                calcium, carbon, oxygen Common salt                            sodium, chlorine Ethanol                                    carbon, hydrogen, oxygen   PROPERTIES OF A COMPOUND

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Chemistry

ELEMENTS, SYMBOLS & VALENCY

ELEMENTS AND SYMBOLS An element is a substance which cannot be split into simpler units by ordinary chemical process. There are over one hundred known elements.   SYMBOLS OF ELEMENTS There are three ways in which symbols of elements are derived. From the first letter of the name of the element Element                        Symbols Hydrogen                                

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Chemistry

NATURE OF MATTER

Matter is anything that has weight and occupies space. It exists in three states namely: solid, liquid and gas. The fundamental difference between the three states of matter depends on the degree of movement of the particles they are made of. SOLID STATE The particles of a solid are tightly packed and held together by

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Chemistry

LABORATORY FAMILIARIZATION

DEFINITION OF LABORATORY A laboratory is a room or building equipped for scientific experimentation or research. It is a special facility where experiments are done and typically contains scientific equipment and apparatus.   LABORATORY APPARATUS Laboratory apparatus refers to the various tools or equipment used by scientists working in the laboratory. Some common laboratory apparatuses

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Chemistry

INTRODUCTION TO CHEMISTRY

CHEMISTRY AS A SCIENCE SUBJECT Science is an organized body of knowledge gathered through systematic experimentations and philosophical observations. Chemistry can be defined as a branch of science which deals with the study of the nature, structure, composition, properties and uses of all forms of matter and the changes in structure and composition which matter

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Chemistry

ELECTROCHEMISTRY

It is a well known fact that energy menifests itself in different forms which are interconvertible into one another. Among different forms of energy, the electrical energy plays a very significant role in our daily life. Many chemical transformations and industrial processes are based on electrical energy and its relationship with chemical energy. There are

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Chemistry

ELECTROLYTIC CELLS AND ELECTROLYSIS OF SPECIFIED ELECTROLYTES

The passage of electricity through the electrolytes in their molten or dissolved state can cause chemical changes under suitable conditions. For example, the passage of electricity through the acidified water results in the formation of hydrogen and oxygen gases. The process of chemical decomposition of the electrolyte by he passage of electricity through its molten

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Chemistry

Electrolysis

When an electric current is passed through an electrolyte solution, the ions of the electrolyte undergo chemical changes at the respective electrodes. The chemical reaction carried out by passing electricity is called electrolysis. it is important that we familiarize ourselves with different terms that we are going to use to explain different phenomena. It is

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Chemistry

IONIC THEORY

IONIC THEORY To account for the phenomena of electrolysis the Ionic Theory was put forward by Arrhenius in 1880. The theory states that electrolytes are made up of ions, which are built up in certain patterns called crystal lattice. When these substances dissolve in water, the structure is destroyed and the ions are set free

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Chemistry

BALANCING OF REDOX REACTIONS

Balancing by Ion Electron or Half Reaction Method We are familiar with the balancing of chemical equations by inspection method. However, inspection method may not be useful for balancing the redox equations because in these equations, we have to keep in mind the conservation of charge as well as conservation of mass. The redox equations,

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Government (Secondary School)

Concept of Oxidation and Reduction

Classical Concept of Oxidation and Reduction In our daily life we come across processes like rusting of iron articles, fading of the colour of the clothes, burning of the combustible substances such as cooking gas, wood, coal, etc. All these processes fall in the category of redox reactions. A large number’ of industrial processes like,

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Chemistry

PERIODIC TRENDS IN PHYSICAL PROPERTIES

Most of the properties of the elements such as atomic volume, atomic size, ionization enthalpy, electron affinity and electronegativity are directly related to the electronic configuration of the atoms. These properties undergo periodic variation with the change in the atomic number within a period or a group. These properties indirectly control the physical properties such

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Chemistry

PERIODICITY

THE NEED FOR CLASSIFICATION OF ELEMENTS Before the beginning of eighteenth century, only a very few elements were known and it was quite easy to study and remember their individual properties. In 1800, only 31 elements were known. This number of elements grew to 63 by 1865. With the discovery of large number of elements

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Chemistry

AMINES AND AMIDES

AMINES It has a functional group of NH2. GENERAL MOLECULAR FORMULAR/STRUCTURE It has a general molecular formula of RNH2 or structure of              R – N – H H PREPARATION: They are derivatives of ammonia where one or more hydrogen atoms have been replaced by alkyl or aryl groups e.g. RNHz, R2NH.   CLASSIFICATION: Amines can

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Chemistry

CARBOHYDRATES

Carbohydrates are naturally occurring organic compounds containing carbon, hydrogen and oxygenwith oxygen in the ratio 1:2 as in water.  The general molelcular formula of carbohydrates is Cx(H2O)y  or  CxH2yOy.  Carbohydrates are generally polydroxyl aldehydes, ketones or any compound that on hydrolysis yields any of the polyhydroxides.  They are synthesized in green plants by photosynthesis.  

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Chemistry

NATURAL AND SYNTHETIC POLYMERS

NATURAL AND SYNTHETIC POLYMERS Polymerisation (addition and condensation) plastics.    Thermosplastic and thermosetting polymers, resins.     Polymer is the final product, macromolecule of high molecular mars.  It consists of a repeating units and its general molecular formula may be represented as [repeating units]n where n is a very large whole number. N.B:-    All polymers are

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