FACTORS OF SOIL FORMATION The factors that control soil formation include; climate, parent materials, topography, biotic factors (living organisms) and time. CLIMATE Climate refers to the average weather condition of a place measured over a long period of time. Elements of climate include sunlight, temperature, wind, relative humidity, rainfall and pressure. Rainfall: Running water as…
ROCK WEATHERING The process of soil formation is referred to as weathering. Weathering is defined as the disintegration of rocks into smaller particles to form soil. PROCESSES OF ROCK WEATHERING The processes of soil formation (rock weathering) include: Physical process Chemical process Biological process PHYSICAL PROCESS OF ROCK WEATHERING Agents of physical weathering include temperature,…
ROCK A rock is any mineral material of the earth. It may be a combination of different mineral elements such as silica (silica contain silicon and oxygen). TYPES OF ROCKS Rocks can be classified into three major groups based on how they are formed and their appearances. These include Igneous rock Sedimentary rock Metamorphic rock…
MEANING OF AGRICULTURAL ECOLOGY Agricultural Ecology is defined as the study of crop plants and farm animals in relation to their environment. Ecology is derived from a Greek word “Oikos” which means home or dwelling place. In order words, agricultural ecology can be defined as a field of study which deals with the relationship of…
CULTIVATION OF CEREALS MAIZE (Zeamays) RICE (Oryzasativa) Description Maize also called corn is a member of the grass family (Gramineae). It produces grains, use as food by human beings and livestock. The seed/fruit is called caryopsis. Rice is a member of the grass family (Gramineae). The seed/ fruit is called caryopsis Varieties / cultivar…
Post planting operations are the operations carried out after planting. It creates a good condition and proper maintenance for plants growth. Post planting operations include the following: Thinning Supplying Irrigation/ watering Use of manure and fertilizer Mulching Weeding Harvesting Processing Storage, etc. Thinning This is the removal of excess, weak or not well positioned seedlings…
PLANTING OPERATION These are the operations carried out when inserting the planting materials (cutting or seeds) into the soil. When seeds are sown in the soil, they develop root and shoots, this is called germination and the young plants that emerge are called seedlings. A seed when planted undergoes the following processes. Germination: the process…
Planting operations are the operations carried out before planting while planting is the sowing of seeds and post-posting operations include thinning, supplying, irrigation, manuring, mulching and weeding. PRE-PLANTING OPERATIONS Land clearing: this is the removal of pre-existing vegetation on the farm land. It is carried out by cutting the vegetation and grasses with cutlasses or…
METHODS OF PEST CONTROL Crop pests can be prevented or controlled through the following methods: Physical control Cultural control Biological control Chemical control PHYSICAL CONTROL This method involves physically removing or excluding pests from the crop. It can include techniques such as handpicking pests, using traps or barriers, erecting fences or nets, and employing mechanical…
MEANING OF CROP PEST A crop pest can be defined as any organism capable of causing damage to the crop. TYPES OF CROP PEST Crop pests can be categorized into various classes based on the organisms that cause damage. Here are some common types of crop pests: 1. Insects: Insects are one of the most…
MEANING AND CAUSES OF DISEASE A crop is a plant cultivated by man for a specific purpose. A plant disease is a deviation of the plant from the normal state of health, presenting outward visible signs. Diseases are caused by pathogens and enhanced by some physiological factors. CAUSES OF DISEASE Plant diseases are caused by…
Floriculture: is a discipline of horticulture that is concerned with the production and management of ornamental plants. Ornamental plants are beautiful trees or shrubs which can be used to decorate our environments. IMPORTANCE OF ORNAMENTAL PLANTS Sources of employment e.g. florists. Serves as a source of income. For expression of love and as gift on…
Forest can be defined as a large area of land covered with trees and bushes, either growing wild or planted for some purposes which serves as habitat to various kinds of animals. Forestry is the management of forest and forest resources. Silviculture is the growing and cultivation trees. Forest ecology is the scientific study of…
Pasture: This is a piece of land on which forage crops grow. Forage Crops: These are plants cultivated (or growing naturally) whose vegetative parts (leaves and stem) are fed on by livestock. USES OF FORAGE CROPS They are used as livestock feeds They are used as cover crops which conserve soil moisture. They help in…
LIVESTOCK PARASITES A parasite is an organism that lives in or on another organism where it derives its nourishment without the host gaining anything from the association. FORMS OF PARASITES Endoparasites:- These are parasites which live within the body of animals. Examples are liverfluke, tapeworm, roundworm etc. Ectoparasites:- These are parasites which live outside or…
ANIMAL PROTOZOAN DISEASES CONTENT Trypanosomiasis Coccidiosis Red water fever (Piroplasmosis) PROTOZOAN DISEASE ANIMAL AFFECTED MODE OF TRANSMISSION SYMPTOMS CONTROL/PREVENTION TRYPANOSOMIASIS Cattle, Sheep and Goat Spread by the blood sucking Tse-tse fly which sucks blood from an infected animal and transmit the pathogen to healthy animal. Rise in body temperature, dullness in appearance, constant…
ANIMAL FUNGAL DISEASES CONTENT Ringworm Aspergillosis FUNGAL DISEASE ANIMAL AFFECTED MODE OF TRANSMISSION SYMPTOMS CONTROL/PREVENTION RINGWORM Cattle Sheep, Goat and Rabbit Contact with contaminated feeders and water troughs Lesions (injury, damage, change in texture) in the skin of the animals, irritation of the skin, loss of appetite and weight. Disinfection of pens and equipment,…
Anthrax
Brucellosis
Tuberculosis
Pullorum Disease
Fowl Typhoid
Fowl Cholera
SYMPTOMS, TRANSMISSION, EFFECTS, PREVENTIVE AND CURATIVE CONTROL OF ANIMAL VIRAL DISEASES VIRAL DISEASES CONTENT Foot and mouth disease Rinderpest diseases Newcastle disease Fowl pox Gumburo disease VIRAL DISEASE ANIMAL AFFECTED MODE OF TRANSMISSION SYMPTOMS CONTROL/PREVENTION FOOT AND MOUTH DISEASE Cattle, Sheep and Goat contact, air-borne, droplets of saliva, infected materials like urine, faeces….
PRINCIPLES OF ANIMAL HEALTH MANAGEMENT CONTENT Definition of Disease Classification of animal diseases Susceptibility and resistance to disease Factors that could predispose animals to diseases LIVESTOCK DISEASES Diseases in animal means any condition in which there is deviation from normal state of health or when there is any interference with the body processes which…